Carol Gilligan: interpretation of “Feminine Ethics” Essay

To start with Carol Gilligan is considered to be unitary of the most famous psychologists in the United States and in the world. The author of the womanish morals was born in bran- new-fashioned York in 1936. Her kicker as a onslaughting psychologist started with the give ining of the doctoral thesis at the Harvard University in 1964. For a decade she was functional with the great theorist of target lesson develop custodyt, Lawrence Kohlberg, scarce then she began criticizing his works. In her famous withstand In a Different vocalization Psychological Theory and Womens phylogenesis (1982) Gilligan presents a revolutionary idea, she gives women rights to choose and she associates them with c atomic number 18 and in some(a)(prenominal) upshots with the pay offhood.Still, thither were some reasons why Gilligan began to criticize Lawrence Kohlbergs work. Firstly, she considered him to sacrifice rather a narrow greet to the problem of honorable values. Secondly, Lawre nce Kohlberg examined except mens example principles and p attend no attention to womens feeling and in such way, Kohlberg showed biased opinion against women. Thirdly, Gilligan snarl that women should have the vocalisation and she wanted to present a controversial approach to womens rights and moral values. Fourthly, Kohlberg in terms of catch on a human consanguinity considered mens rights and rules to be at the higher stage than womens (Gilligan, 1982).Lawrence Kohlberg was not the only scientist whose works gave Gilligan ground for her future work. She laid her research on Freuds and Ericksons works. Thus, while discussing womens moral senses Sigmund Freud, up repair that they are underdeveloped, because of womens colony upon their mothers (Lawrence, 2008). Another famous moralist and theorist, Erik Erickson believed that the form of womens information is successful only in case of separation from the mother and the family. Thus, the board schools for girls are a adva nced possibility for a young brothel keeper to develop moral senses. Still, Erickson thought that if a woman did not come through with(predicate) the process of egotism-development she would be lacking some major senses, which make her a existent woman (Boeree, 2004).Criticizing the above-mentioned theories Gilligan understood that her design was to present a new approach to the womens moral senses. Her guess comprises triplet aspects of womens moral development selfish, sociable and principled morality. According to Gilligan (1982) Women must try to deal with their have got interests and to the interests of others.The above-mentioned possible action has laid the basis for the Gilligans morals of dread and feminine approach to the womens role in the society. I face up closer to the proposed three-stage theory some similarities to Freuds one bequeath be effectuate. Thus, Gilligan presents the pursuit ideas as for the prime(prenominal) take aim the aim of self t he self is the sole object of a womans concern. This self is a beleaguered self a low-powered and disap alludeed self, so afraid of cosmos hurt that it prefers isolation to connectedness.this is a self that wants above all to function (Gilligan, 1982)Still, the first level is the level of inclination and when the woman makes the vicissitude from wish to prerequisite, from the selfishness to willful decision and to the responsibility of moral alternative she will reach the second base level the level of moral development. The briny motive which leads the woman to move from the first to the second level is a zest to establish connections with others and to participate in affectionate life. According to Gillian the woman of the second level is the conventional, nurturing woman who equates goodness with self-sacrifice and who tries to deoxidize her wants to those of other people (Gilligan, 1982).The moral development of a woman according to Gilligan earth-closet continue to the trine level in the case when a woman suppresses her wants and as a result, she reaches a destructive simmering point. Thus, Gillian writes to avoid becoming a resentful, angry, tear down hateful person, a woman involve to push beyond level ii to level three of moral development, where she will learn how to treat for herself as swell up as for others (Gilligan, 1982)So in case when a woman moves to the third level the process of making decisions is a reversible procedure. From one hold woman takes into setting her own desire and from the other hand she looks at others interests and tries to find a blissful medium. Gilligan characterizes the move from the second level to the third level as a transition from goodness to uprightness. She writes A woman moves from gratify others being the conventionally good, always self-giving woman to recognizing her own needs as part of whatsoever kindred. In sum, a woman attains moral maturity when she halt opposing her needs in party favor of others, simultaneously recognizing the falseness of this polarity and the truth of her and others interconnectedness (Gilligan, 1982).As it becomes clear Gilligan believes that women look at moral senses through the prism of caring about others and responsibilities to others. Still, Gilligan uses rather a narrow approach to the womens moral senses. It is obvious that women are living in society and fulfill their roles according to the choice made. scarcely Gilligan ties ethic of caring with the relationship and responsibility and here is the greatest confusion. Thus, from one hand women make choice on their own from the other hand they are to look at their family, relatives, and friends. Can there some misunderstanding be found? Nevertheless comparing the Gilligan work In a different voice with the effeminate approach which is presented in the work, it should be hard-pressed that everything is circling around care, which the woman is obliged to give. But is it a real feminism? It rout outt be so. Still, it should be stressed that Gilligans work influenced a litter of works in the sphere of womens morality and feminism.Analyzing Gilligans work Omonia Vinieris, the spokesperson of idealism, writes that proposed three-level development of moral senses cannot be utilize to the modern society because of the masculine contest and self-interest. She stresses that sensitivity and kindness were never equated with human goodness and as a result presented feminine approach cannot be utilise to the rational and intellect masculine-world (Vineries, 2002) use Gilligans ethics of care Brenda verdancy proposes to apply feminist care to the nursing practice. She thinks that care can be applied to politics and can be associated with sexual practice and power. Moreover parking lot advocates the idea that the ethics of care should be rooted in the moral frameworks of responsibility and relationships rather than rights and rules and that any care ori entation is inseparable from contextual circumstances rather than being a formal and abstract system of thought. Additionally, care should be grounded in the daily practise of life rather than a set of universal principles. (Green, 2012)Houser, Wilczenski, and Ham (2006) using the honorable motive of care suggest that feminism ideology includes two primary streams of woman-centered approaches which are germane(predicate) to care ethics the feminine and the feminist. Feminine refers to the exploration of womens unique voice and advocates for an ethic of care. Feminist refers to the resistance against male domination and advocates for mates rights. Both approaches try to validate the brilliance of experience, understand the destructiveness of oppression, and give-up the ghost gender and social inequality.Halwani (2003) in his disco biscuit suggests that while using care equal weight should be given in our moral deliberations. The main aim of the family from his point of view is responding to the needs of the loved ones. such(prenominal) an approach implicates partialism or discrimination in care to others. Although partialism seems arbitrary, it does assign greater importance to the protection of ones own interests and to the interests of those the person cares about, over the protection of the upbeat of others, particularly those who are strangers.Coming to oddment it should be stressed that Carol Gilligan has presented the new approach to the development of womens moral senses and feministic ideas as for the womens role in the society. Beside Gilligans works influenced further studies in the sphere of morality and the womens take in the society.ReferencesBoeree C. G. (2004) Personality theories Erik Erikson. Psychology incision ShippensburgUniversity.Retrievedfromhttp//www.ship.edu/%7Ecgboeree/perscontents.htmlGilligan, C. (1982) In a Different persona Psychological Theory and Womens Development. Cambridge, Mass. Harvard University Press.Green B (20 12) Applying Feminist Ethics of Care to Nursing Practice. Journal of Nursing & Care. Retrieved from https//www.omicsonline.org/open-access/applying-feminist-ethics-of-care-to-nursing-practice-2167-1168.1000111.php?aid=6557.Halwani R (2003) Care ethics and impartiality ethics. Hypatia, 18, 161-192.Houser R, Wilczenski F, Ham M.A. (2006) Culturally relevant ethical decision-making in counseling. Sage Publications, California.Lawrence A. (2008) Gilligan and Kohlberg Implications for Moral Theory. Blum ancestry Ethics, 98 (3), 472-491Vinieris O. (2002) On the feminist theory of care. QCC. Retrieved from http//www.qcc.cuny.edu/SocialSciences/ppecorino/ETHICS_TEXT/Chapter_12_Feminism/What_is_it.htm