Legality And The Morality Of Insider Trading Finance Essay - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 6 Words: 1841 Downloads: 10 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Finance Essay Type Narrative essay Did you like this example? Is insider trading ethical? Is insider trading illegal? Insider Trading phenomena is controversial and is bringing a lot of discussion around itself. Some of the opponents claim that its both not ethical and legal to use information, which is not putted into public knowledge, while other opponents argue that insider trading increases market efficiency and does not any hurt to anybody. During this paper I will try to bring topic closer to the reader by providing the reasoning of both parties involved in discussion. What Insider Trading states for? Who is an insider trader? It is hard to define insider trading due to complexity of the topic, however the most common definition stands for: Insider trading is illegal when transactions like buying or selling stocks, bounds or other securities are based on information that is not available to the general public. In other words, the inside information which is used by inside traders to influence their decisions before publishing this information to public knowledge, thus giving them an edge in making the best deals, whether to buy or to sell. This competitive advantage according to the law is illegal and according to some scholar it unethical. Insider informer can take any forms. One can be a member of a company and has stock in the company, and finds out that your company is going publicly bankrupt the next day. Or, quite the opposite, if a business was to be buying out a major competitor, knowing that information before it was publicly announced would also be insider information. Paying someone to be a n informant from a company is also considered as insider information and again is illegal. Insider traders are usually defined as companys officers, directors and any beneficial owners of more than ten percent of the companys equity securities. However, American law is not limiting anti insider trading law only to these people. In the understanding of this law, any person who trades shares based on material non-public information in violation of some duty of trust. This duty may be imputed; for example, in many jurisdictions, in cases of where a corporate insider tips a friend about non-public information likely to have an effect on the companys share price, the duty the corporate insider owes the company is now imputed to the friend and the friend violates a duty to the company if he or she trades on the basis of this information. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Legality And The Morality Of Insider Trading Finance Essay" essay for you Create order Insider trading legal aspects. Insider trading was not always illegal. First regulation in the USA appeared only in 1929 when the USA Congress passed the laws limiting insider-trading acts, and created the Securities and Exchange Commission to enhance market oversight. Since that time much of the development of insider trading law has resulted from court decisions. Nevertheless there is still a legal dilemma about insider trading as for example: the law prohibits these insiders from trading on this information until the information is made public. But even then the definition of what is made public may not be what one thinks. Lets assume that a person working for a company on a proposed merger with another company happens to mention it to a friend who works for a newspaper or news broadcaster who then publishes the information. Has it then become public such that everyone is now free to trade in the securities? No. There are also strict interpretations on this subject. The information has become public when the company officially publishes the information by filing it officially with the appropriate authorities, meaning the Ministry of Finance. The other alternative is for the company, itself, to arrange its publication in two public media such as newspapers, TV broadcasts, etc. Even then, individual has to wait until 12 hours after it is made public. America has been a pioneer in criminalizing insider trading, but nowadays regulations, which prohibit this phenomenon, are present in law legislation in most of the countries all over the word. As example: In the UK, the relevant laws are the Criminal Justice Act 1993 Part V Schedule 1 and the Financial Services and Markets Act 2000, which defines an offence of Market Abuse.  [1]  Just like in American law, it is also illegal to fail to trade based on inside information. The principle is that it is illegal to trade on the basis of market-sensitive information that is not generally known. No relationship to the issuer of the security is required; all that is required is that the guilty party traded (or caused trading) whilst having inside information.  [2]  In comparison in Japan first law against insider trading appeared in 1988 but even now as Roderick Seeman claims that: many Japanese do not understand why this is illegal. Indeed, previously it was regarded as common sense to make a profit from your knowledge.  [3] Insider trading Ethical Dilemma. Even with existing laws and regulations, ethical dilemmas still exist and the laws are sometimes vague. When we analyze insider-trading phenomena, we can ask ourselves the question what is wrong in taking good luck and opportunity to advance in business and profit? I would answer NOTHING, except the fact that it is an illegal act. That is why some economists and authorized scholars, like Henry Manne, Milton Friedman, Thomas Sowell, Daniel Fischel, Frank H. Easterbrook argues that laws, which makes insider trading illegal should be cancelled.  [4]  They claim that insider trading based on non-public information benefits investors, as well, by more quickly introducing new information into the market and in this way speeds up market efficiency, which is a benefit for all parties. Moreover according to some economist such control over the stock market is too much government regulation in the stock market, and in same way is harmful to capitalism. Henry Mann, argues that the legi slation has not stopped insider trading from happening, and that legalizing it is a sensible solution to the improper regulation that ultimately hurts the market. He also claims that if insider trading is allowed, it will allow stocks to show its actual worth, rather than have the price tempered by waiting for the information to go public.  Ã‚  [5]  Another great economist Milton Friedman, laureate of the Nobel Memorial Prize in Economics, said: You want more insider trading, not less. You want to give the people most likely to have knowledge about deficiencies of the company an incentive to make the public aware of that. Friedman did not believe that the trader should be required to make his trade known to the public, because the buying or selling pressure itself is information for the market.  [6] This brings me to another critical issue. Does the fact of possessing information bring necessary any value? No, because to act on any piece of information requires interpr etation of that information, which in turn requires a large number of other pieces of information. Lets imagine that for example Apple announced that that its Q4 profits have raised by 45 percent. This doesnt really tell anyone how to perform it in the market for Apple securities, whether to buy or sell. This requires additional general knowledge about IT market, the profits of other IT companies and Apple main competitors future actions plan and so on. Only if we add to the Apple announcement information about Microsofts profits, which let says, could have raised by 100 percent, we can draw father conclusions. So any single piece of information about a company, however critical it may be to that company and its future, does not in itself provide clear instruction to the investor. Action requires interpretation, which requires wider knowledge. Many market theorists have argued, that insider trading enhances market efficiency, smoothes price volatility and reduces the likelihood o f price shocks arising from unexpected events.  [7]  On the other hand, when we think about illegal aspect of these phenomena it is hard to not agree that providing information which are not public to the everyone knowledge introduce the problem of the fairness. Fairness which in these case would hold that in a fair market, all parties have equal access to information relevant to asset valuation, but entitled to nothing more.  [8]  So in this situation insider trading is perceived as an unfair act, it causes some injury to specific traders or potential traders, or because it causes investors as a whole to lose confidence in the securities markets. To illustrate, assume that insiders are aware of negative information regarding Alpha Corporation that, if disclosed, would cause the current per share market price of Alpha stock to drop from $25 per share to $20 per share. Prior to public release of the information, Alpha insiders sell Alpha stock on the basis of this negative in formation, reducing Alphas price to $23 per share. Some outsiders will undoubtedly sell at $23 and could thus legitimately claim to be $2 per share poorer than they would have been absent insider trading. A corresponding number of investors, however, will purchase at the more correct price of $23 per share, making them better off than they would have been in the absence of insider trading. Although the $23 per share price is higher than the $20 per share price that would have prevailed if the insiders had been forced to reveal their secret information prior to trading, this harm is attributable to the lack of a general duty to disclose material non-public information under the federal securities laws and not to insider trading.  Ã‚  [9] This example touches another critical issue in the insider trading discussion like stock price manipulation phenomena. We can imagine the situation where insider traders manipulate investors by releasing fails information about company in o rder to move market prices away from their fair values and take financial benefit from it. As the last, insider trading also violates the duty of trust or confidentiality that one individual or business entity owes to another. This causes loss in confidence in the securities markets. People fear that insider traders regularly take benefit at their expense, which lead to decrease people in willingness to invest. In this case raising new capital would be more costly for companies whose securities were harmed by insider trading. Hence, all else being equal, insider trading makes it harder for companies to raise money when opportunities to undertake new projects arise. Conclusion For sure there are no clear and easy answers to the question of regulating insider trading. Insider trading may have benefits for both the company and the capital market under certain conditions. As was presented above insider trading can positively influence the market effectivness Henry Manne Insider Trading and the Stock Market. However, the arguments against regulation show a certain ambiguity and doubts of regulators are proven. Even though scholars often argue that fairness considerations do not carry much weight, the personal feelings of the individual investor and his confidence in the integrity of securities markets must be taken into account. Although insider trading can have positive effects for the firm and its wealth, as the arguments of deregulators show, it also bears several severe risks. The costs seem to outweigh the benefits.  [10]  Therefore, it is correct to prohibit insider trading by a mandatory regulation.

EST1 Task 2 Ethics - 1694 Words

I and two other individuals have agreed to start a business that will provide management consulting services to nonprofit organizations. Because of the increased scrutiny on actions of corporations and those who act on behalf of organizations, we have determined that it would be essential to have our ethics program developed before we start offering our services. A business as a moral agent must prove that it has an effective ethics program to protect employees, the corporation, and businesses that the company will serve. It is also important to have an ethics program to support the ethical values of our corporation and to make it clear to employees what is acceptable behavior, and to make clear what policies and standards are to be†¦show more content†¦The MCS individual will be given 30 days to complete the online training to be completed each year no later than 30 days after the date of hire, i.e. date of hire 06/10/2011, a particular employee would have until 07/10 of every year after their employment date to take the yearly online ethics training and have their completion page signed and sent in to the HR Ethics Manager. The PC online training would encompass four specific areas: Enforcement of company rules. Code of Conduct. OSHA. Ethical behavior toward peers in the company. Workplace Diversity. Discrimination in the Workplace. Harassment Training. Ethical behavior of consultants toward clients. Clients. Fees. Engagements. Profession. Ethical behavior regarding the environment in relation to company property and liability issues. C. Monitoring, Auditing, and Reporting Ethics Violations: The Board of Directors would be in charge of the Code of Ethics for our company and subject to its rules and regulations. We three would be the committee and I am the Ethics manager and officer. Any and all concerns should be turned in via the online program for anonymous purposes and be directly handled by our committee. The employee and all personnel for our company may still contact the Ethics Officer personally if that is the more comfortable way to deliver the ethics concerns and perceived violations. The Ethics committee would be responsible for developing and interpreting policies andShow MoreRelatedEst1 Task21159 Words   |  5 PagesWGU EST1 Task 2 Company X Ethics Program Standards and Procedures: Company X expects all employees to conduct themselves with integrity, professional and responsible actions at all times. An employee’s actions in both personal life and professional life should avoid any situations that (A) could be construed as harmful to the company or its employees or (B) cause negative public reactions that could impact Company X customers or customer relations in adverse ways. You are a Company X representativeRead MoreAssignment Questions On Ethical Situations2379 Words   |  10 Pages John Rolph EST1: Ethical Situations in Business Task 2 Standards and Procedures 1.) Information Confidentiality: As an employee, you will be exposed to client-sensitive as well as company-sensitive information that is to be viewed only by those who have the authority or permission to do so. Such information to be considered â€Å"confidential† includes business contracts, financial information, internal correspondence, and any and all documentation (electronic or paper-based) that is not authorizedRead MoreTask 2: Est1 Essay example2372 Words   |  10 PagesJohn Rolph EST1: Ethical Situations in Business Task 2 Standards and Procedures 1.) Information Confidentiality: As an employee, you will be exposed to client-sensitive as well as company-sensitive information that is to be viewed only by those who have the authority or permission to do so. Such information to be considered â€Å"confidential† includes business contracts, financial information, internal correspondence, and any and all documentation (electronic or paper-based) that is not authorized

How Important Is the Character of Alfieri to the Play as a Whole free essay sample

How is the Character of Alfieri important to the play as a whole? The character of Alfieri appears at the very beginning of the play being the first character the audience is introduced to. As the narrator of the play, Alfieri introduces the audience to himself, the other characters and also, within his opening speech, links to many ideas which foreshadow the events throughout the play. Alfieri as the narrator of the play could also be linked to the chorus within the Greek tragedy play structure. Through this he stands apart from the drama that engulfs the other characters and is a trustworthy observer as he comments on what is happening with the other characters. By talking directly to the audience he gives an insight to the other characters from his view, ‘This ones name was Eddie Carbone, a longshoreman†¦Ã¢â‚¬â„¢ ultimately allowing the audience to gain a quicker view of the characters. We will write a custom essay sample on How Important Is the Character of Alfieri to the Play as a Whole? or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Throughout the play the audience can see that Alfieri does not want anything from anyone else in the story, only getting involved to help and give advice to those such as Eddie and Marco. This is showing the importance of being a detached observer but also part of the community. The details the audience learns about Alfieri in his opening speech, ‘I am a lawyer. ’ are not to present his personal character to the audience but to give the setting of the play and his important position within it in relation to the other characters. Through Alfieri’s opening speech the audience becomes aware of his profession as a lawyer but also that between him and the rest of the community there lies ‘years of distrust. This may be due to the fact he is a higher rank to them with his wife and friends telling him that the people he works for ‘lack elegance, glamour. ’ However, the relationship Eddie has with Alfieri goes beyond the lawyer/client relationship. This suggests the fact that even though Alfieri told Eddie there was ‘no recourse in law’ he could use to stop Catherine marrying Rodolfo, Eddie still went back to him a second ti me. Alfieri seems to be the one person Eddie can share his emotional feelings with, ‘and he puts his hands on her like a goddamn thief! In this way Alfieri links to the idea of a priest. This being because of the fact that Eddie feels as if he can go to him for moral advice as well as legal advice. Thus making him an important character for the audience to use to see Eddies true emotions. Whenever Alfieri speaks directly to the audience he uses the past tense, linking back to the events that happened. He seems to foreshadow much of what happened in the play allowing the audience to believe the fact that this play is a tragedy, ‘I watched it run its bloody course. Through the use of foreshadowing, Alfieri created the feeling of timelessness especially when referring to the themes of justice straight away, ‘justice is very important here’ linking this to Eddie. He also subtly foreshadows to the audience what justice means to people like Marco stating ‘no w we settle for half’ implying that whatever justice means for the Americans it means more to the Italians, linking to Marcos thirst for revenge and the lead up to eddies tragic death at the end of the play. In conclusion, it is Alfieri who right from the first encounter with Eddie foresaw the tragic end to Eddie, which he was ‘powerless’ to prevent, despite his best efforts in telling Eddie that there ‘is nothing you can do. ’ Also with Alfieri identifying Eddie as the hero in this particular tragedy and the audiences’ view of Eddie being the villain, it creates an important comparison of how the characters are viewed. Some can also argue that it was Alfieri who suggested the idea that lead to Eddies downfall, ‘the manner in which they entered the country. But I don’t think you want to do anything about that, do you? ’ Through this and also the way his role as a narrator helps him achieve the exploration of more universal and timeless themes is Alfieri a very important and needed character in A View from the Bridge.

Love Is Only a Feeling free essay sample

Despite a few floppy tracks, â€Å"Love Is Only a Feeling† (song) is a stupendous song with incredible lyrical choice.As Joey is explaining in the intro how this female makes him happy, he goes on about their future together and the things they will/can share: Look, I love her curves but what’s more Preferred Is the way she articulates words Can’t help observe and stare When she in the mirror Masking the massacre while she fixing her hair Possibly referring to the pain in her life, this woman uses makeup to distract herself from the fact that she is in pain. Strictly speaking, joey can’t keep his eyes off her as she is covering the â€Å"massacre† on her face. Joey appreciates her independence as a woman, although she is wrapped up in the idea of being alone and not needing any man, Joey would love to be hers: I wanna see you shine like the gem that you are Want you be so secure that they can see from afar That you don’t need another man It’s a beautiful emphasis that acknowledges the aspects that make her, her. We will write a custom essay sample on Love Is Only a Feeling or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Joey wants to exemplify his relationship with this woman, he is so enthralled that he can’t help but to get thrilled with the thought of having a future with her. As he looks at her he sees how much of a real mature relationship they have, to him it’s perfect and wishes to hold onto it forever: You’re the only reason i be, staying here Wanna paint a picture, let’s make it clear The future so bright baby, race you there To him, â€Å"painting a picture† is a visual to what he wants forever but his word choice in the chorus can be slightly confusing: Love is only a feeling Love is only a feeling Love is only a feeling Love is only a feeling The fact that the whole song is talking about romance, the chorus contradicts the versus saying â€Å"love is only a feeling† because it suggests this love he has or wishes to have will disappear someday because although he wishes to have a future with this woman, love is only a feeling to him. Furthermore, it can also be more of a fear; a fear to accept love because once it is accepted you become vulnerable and â€Å"unprotected† which gives them the power to hurt you. Sincerely for Joey, Love is Only A Feeling.

5 Reasons Building a Personal Website Will Help You Find a Job

5 Reasons Building a Personal Website Will Help You Find a Job It’s all about the branding†¦how many times have we heard that mantra? How many times have we used it ourselves? Lots, and there’s a good reason: you need to stand out. In life, sure, but especially when you’re looking for a job. When you apply for a job, you know you’re great (confirmed by your fifth grade soccer trophy, among other things), but how do you prove that when there are 10, 20  other applicants with similar resumes? Building a personal website! It seems overwhelming, but a little bit of time up front can yield great results for your job hunt. Read on to find out why.1. It impresses hiring managers.Having a supplemental website that outlines your professional goals and achievements shows that you’re committed to your job search, and are trying to find ways to stand out in the crowd.2. Like your career, a website can evolve.A resume is what it is: a frozen snapshot of you at a particular point in your career. Once you send it out t he door via email or on paper, there’s no taking it back, no making changes in the short term. Having a personal website (which you’d link in the cover letter or the resume itself), gives you the opportunity to update information that hiring managers can see in real time. Think of it as a kind of living resume to supplement the traditional one that goes out.3. It’s easy.Even if you’re not comfortable with doing web design yourself, these days everyone has a brother, cousin, or roommate’s buddy who does freelance web design. And if you don’t go that route, there are plenty of free and inexpensive tools online that can help you get started with a basic website. Sites like Strikingly or GoDaddy can help you get your brand online quickly and easily.4. It’s a way to collect your branding in one place.Chances are, hiring managers are going to Google you. Normally what would come up is a smattering of social media accounts (and hopefully not that blog you started back before people knew they needed to moderate their online presence). Having your own branded site can collect all of those things in one place, creating a hub that’s all about you. (Of course, make sure that only the social media that shows you in your best professional light are included.)5. It can raise your profile.Your website won’t just be accessible to hiring managers- you might be surprised at the opportunities that could come from potential employers searching online. A website can also enhance your social media presence, and start building the kind of network that could introduce new opportunities as well.If you find that you’re struggling to get interviews or stand out from the pack as you apply for jobs, it’s time to shake things up a bit and add something new. Building a website shows a commitment to your professional brand, and could be just the extra edge you need to get in the door for an interview.

Comptemporary Issues In Criminal Justice

Comptemporary Issues In Criminal Justice Free Online Research Papers Crime and the Media A lot of people blame the media for violence and crime. They say that making movies showing a lot of violence and drug use causes teenagers to want to act like the people on the movies. I do not think that the media is the cause of crime. In most of the movies they make, the bad guy usually ends up dead or in jail. The movies are actually teaching children that there are consequences to crime and that no one gets away with crime. Those who choose to blame the media for the raise in crime rates suggest that due to the amount of television watched by juveniles, it will cause them to become criminals. Babybag.com states that the average American child will witness over 200,000 acts of violence on television including 16,000 murders before age 18. Babybag.com also did a poll to parents and when they were asked to select measures which would reduce violent crime a lot, Americans chose restrictions on television violence more often than gun control. All movies that contain extreme violence are rated R and a child should not be allowed to see the movie. Movies shown on television are also rated. It seems that the problem is not with the type of movies that are made but the problem is with the parents who allow their children to watch violent movies. People fail to see that violence is not caused by the media it is caused by people. Its the jealousy, the insults, and the striving to fit into society that causes all the crime. If the parents would raise their children to understand that violence is not the way to handle a situation there might be less crime. When a child does get into trouble the parent should blame themselves and not the media for the way their child was raised. I this world it has become so much easier to blame someone else instead of taking responsibility for your own mistakes. The Media Should be Used to Fight Crime I think that using the media to fight crime was an excellent idea. Shows like America’s Most Wanted have helped to hunt down criminals for decades. With out shows like this there would still be a lot of criminals on the loose. There are people who think that shows like these are only in it for the money. Although they do make a lot of money; they also spend a lot of money tracking down criminals. A lot of people do not believe in shows like AMW. I have heard several people say that they are just for show; the crimes do not really exist and they are all actors. It is true they use actor to replay the crime. However, the crime is real. The things they show have really happened and the criminals they show are really out there. There are different ways the media can be used to fight crime. AMW is a great show and a great start at stopping national crime. The local news station also helps to deter crime and find criminals. There are people who rob stores all the time and think that they got away with it. What they do not realize is that they are now on surveillance cameras and that video has been shown on every news station in the surrounding areas. If it was not for the media and crime prevention strategies like Crime stoppers with McGruff the dog, AMW, the news, and local newspapers we would not have a clue when a dangerous person was around us. With out the media I believe that more than 50% of all criminals would still be free instead of locked up like they need to be. I am personally grateful that the media cares enough to inform us of what is going on in the world. Police Brutality is Not a Problem Police brutality has become a serious problem in today’s world. A police officers job is to â€Å"Protect and Serve† instead they abuse and neglect. There must be something in the badge that gives him a super power because as soon as the badge goes on he begins to believe he is invincible and he has the all time power of God. Police brutality is not something that just happened overnight. It dates back as far as the Biblical days. The New Testament tells of several incidents in which the Roman Guards inflicted violence on many of the new Christians. (Wikipedia 2007 par. 3) Most modern day police did not even exist until the 19th century and even then police brutality was very frequent. Police brutality has also been brought in to the 20th century. Debating Crime tells of the Rodney King story. In this incident several white officers beat up a black man. One of the officers actually stated â€Å"I was scared to death that if this guy got back up, he was going to take my gun away from me† (Debating Crime). When you have several trained officers and one criminal it is very doubtful that the one is going to overwhelm the several. Officials claimed that the police were innocent and they did the right thing. There are some people who do not believe that police brutality is a problem. They say that officers have to use force to get their point across. Others say that force is used only when necessary. This was the case in the King incident. Has this world became so bad that the people we trust to protect us should now be the people we fear the most. Something needs to be done to officers who use excessive force. If a citizen beat someone with a club or taser them with a gun for no necessary reason they would go to jail. Maybe a few officers should spend a day or two in jail and be taught a lesson. Abolish the Death Penalty The death penalty is usually what people receive as punishment for murder. Those who believe in the death penalty believe that â€Å"an eye for an eye† is the proper punishment. They think that death deserves death. The debate over the death penalty has been going on for decades and still not everyone can agree on it morality. In John Kavanaugh’s essay â€Å"Capital Punishment is Unjust†, Kavanaugh discusses different reasons that we as a society may have for legally killing people by means of the death penalty. He begins by depersonalizing the human saying that those who believe in the death penalty do not value a person as being expendable. They only think of the person as a murderer or other form of criminal. I think that the death penalty should be abolished. The death penalty is immoral because of the commandment â€Å"Thou shalt not kill†. No one has the right to play God and decide who gets to die and when they get to die. No human has the right to take another humans life. The death penalty does not deter criminal behavior because they are not given the chance to rehabilitate. The system is to give a person the chance to rehabilitate before resulting to such tactics as killing a person. When most people commit a crime they are thinking that they will not get caught. They are not sitting around thinking† If I kill my wife for cheating I will be put to death for her murder†. Instead of playing God by trying to decide who dies, when they die, and what they die for our government should be able to come up with an alternative solution. The families of victims should be more open to rehabilitating the murderer than killing him. Killing the murderer and inflicting pain on his family does not bring back the victim. In these situations all we as a society should hope for is that this person finds God and changes his life. No one expects the victim’s family to forgive or forget what happened to them. We should hope that their heart is big enough to pray for the sinner. The Criminal Justice System Discriminates Against Minorities I believe the criminal justice system is very discriminatory when it comes to minorities. Most people say that the Justice system does not discriminate it just so happens that minorities are the only ones who get in trouble. When speaking of minorities we are not only speaking of just race. Minority is defined by Webster’s dictionary as† a part of the population that differs from others in race, religion, or social class† When it comes to cases like the O.J. Simpson trial; if that had of been a poor white man or a poor black man that committed the same crime in the same manner he would have been charged with murder. IN the Rodney King case, if it would have been a white man he would have never been beaten. One of the officers in the King case said â€Å"I was scared to death that if this guy got back up, he was going to take my gun away from me† (Debating Crime). The only thing he was scared of was the fact that Rodney King was black. When it comes to minority cases and the court system the minorities usually end up in jail. If a rich man and a poor man are charged with the same crime, they will end up with different punishments. Due to the process and costs of the court the poor man usually can not afford to take off of work while he goes to trial so he gets a public defender to take a plea for him. He can not afford a good lawyer that can fight his case for him. IN return he usually gets jail time. The white man can afford to take off of work for court and pay his attorney enough money to pay off the judge so he does not get any jail time. It is rare that the rich man get any thing more than a small fine. Parole Should Not be Abolished There are several issues in the debate of whether or not to abolish parole. The Lectric Law Library defines Parole as â€Å"any form of release of an offender from imprisonment to the community subject to conditions imposed by the releasing authority and to its supervision.† If the states decide to keep parole then it gives the prisoners a second chance. There are some people who can be rehabilitated and parole gives them that chance. If they can show good behavior while in prison who is to say that can not continue that good behavior outside of the prison? Free Law suggests that sentencing should be â€Å"based on the charges a person is convicted of, and the evidence against them. Each prisoner should be assigned a definite term of imprisonment and a discharge code. This sounds like a good idea. If parole is abolished then it will possibly leads to prison overcrowding. If they keep everyone in prison and they add more on a daily basis soon all the prisons will be over crowded and there will be dangerous criminals on the street because there is not room to house them in the prison. There are already 15 states that have abolished parole boards (NCPA, 2007). These states believe that the criminal should have to serve his full sentence or else there would be no point in the â€Å"Truth in Sentencing† law. It has also come to the attention of these states that the parole boards are a â€Å"Failure† (NCPA 2007). They let people out on parole based on their behavior on the inside and when they get out then they repeat the same crime again. It is up to each state as to how they decide on this issue. In my opinion I would like to keep parole so that the good people have a chance to live their life. There is always going to be a bad apple in the bunch. We should not punish them all just because of one. Everybody deserves a second chance. U.S. Patriot Act The U.S Patriot act does not infringe on our civil liberties. It was simply made to make things safer for the citizens of the United States against terrorist attacks. Those who are against the USA Patriot Act, say that it is violation of the Sixth Amendment. The Sixth Amendment gives us the right to trial, notice of accusation, and the right to legal counsel. Another controversial aspect of the Patriot Act is the search and seizure process. The USA Patriot Act allows law enforcement agencies to delay giving notice when they conduct a search. (USA Patriot Act, 2001) The Fourth Amendment protects citizens against unreasonable searches and seizures. It requires a warrant and notice to the person before the search is conducted. The Patriot Act is considered to be a clear violation of the Fourth Amendment. They feel that by allowing wire taps and such then they are invading their privacy. The final aspect of the Patriot Act deals with the rights of public library users. Those who are against the Patriot Act believe that it endangers the privacy rights of library users by allowing electronic surveillance on library servers and sign-up lists. The American Association of Research Libraries states that the legislation â€Å"threatens the rights of the public and undermines the confidentiality that is crucial for the free flow of information needed for the provision of library services.† I support the Patriot Act and in response to the accusations of the non- supporters I say that it is important to be able to have wire taps because most terrorist are technologically sophisticated. My theory is that if people are not doing anything wrong then why are they worried about what the government finds? Personally I had much rather them investigate and clear me as a suspect than to keep thinking I did something wrong when I did not. A Decentralized System is Better Than a Centralized System I think that a decentralized system with deeper community connections would be better in helping the U.S. operate. When it comes to issues such as border patrol and helping to protect the citizens, it would be better to have more people on the job.(Defending the Homeland) Homeland Security does a good job but they just do not have the man power to save the world. It is obvious that we need more and better people running border patrol. Most terrorist are already in the U.S. because we let them come in. We have no one to blame but our government. There needs to be more people on the job so that we can better analyze the people who want to cross our borders. When it comes to analyzing threats there needs to be more than one set of people on the job. One person might see a bomb threat as just a joke where another person would already know how serious it is. The more people who play the game the more points they can earn. Instead of having one unit that â€Å"knows it all†. Different units can learn from each other. In the event that we have a national disaster the more people there are to help the better off we are. When 9-11 happened we had offers and fireman from every city and state pitch in and help. It made things go a lot quicker than if we just had one unit working on it. During evacuations, things would run smoother if there were small and big units working together to get the citizens out of harms way. References Baby bag (2007) Facts about media violence and effects on the American family. Retrieved on November 16, 2007 from babybag.com/articles/amaviol.htm Debating Crime Part III debating the limits of police power (2001) Wadsworth Wikipedia (2007) . Police Brutality retrieved on October 4, 2007 from http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Police_brutality Free Law Answer (2007 October 13) Should parole be abolished. Retrieved on October 25, 2007 From www.freelawanswer.com/law/4103-law-1.html Kavanaugh, J. (2004) Capitol Punishment Is Unjust. Opposing Viewpoints. Retrieved September 23 2007 from . Lectric Law Library (2007) Parole. Retrieved on October 24, 2007 from lectlaw.com/def2/p005.htm Minow, M. (2002). The USA PATRIOT Act and Patron Privacy on Library Internet Terminals. Retrieved April 12, 2004, from llrx.net/usapatriotact.htm NCPA (2007) Fifteen States Abolish Parole. National Center for Policy Analysis Retrieved on October 25, 2007 from ncpa.org/pi/crime/pd011399h.html USA Patriot Act. (2005, April 29). Issues Controversies on File. Retrieved November 15, 2007 from FACTS.com database. Wadsworth/Thomson (2005) Defending the Homeland: Taking the offense. Retrieved from Axia College database on October 25, 2007 Webster’s Vest pocket dictionary (1981) Springfield, MA; Merriam-Webster Wikipedia (2007) . Police Brutality retrieved on October 4, 2007 from http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Police_brutality Research Papers on Comptemporary Issues In Criminal JusticeEffects of Television Violence on ChildrenCapital PunishmentThe Effects of Illegal ImmigrationRelationship between Media Coverage and Social andThe Relationship Between Delinquency and Drug UseWhere Wild and West MeetUnreasonable Searches and SeizuresPersonal Experience with Teen PregnancyQuebec and CanadaHip-Hop is Art

Taxation Law Assignment Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Taxation Law Assignment - Essay Example However, this section also puts a discretionary element into the ATO's or the Judge's determination because the expenditure has to be necessary to the actual capital gain, which brings into question the validity of the expenses that are preparatory in nature or for other purposes rather than the actual construction. The key point that this judgment made is that the determination of this and subsequent cases is in reference to all circumstances, which includes an examination of the taxpayer's purpose or intention in incurring the expenditure. If it is necessary to apportion a loss or outgoing, the appropriate apportionment will depend on the facts of each case. The method taken must be fair and reasonable as per the case of Ronipibon Tin NL v Tongkah Compound NL v FC of T [1949] (78 CLR 47). The expenditure to be deductible if it necessarily incurred for the particular income producing purpose in question, which can include limiting to an the income for just a particular year as per t he case of Fletcher v Federal Commissioner of Taxation [1991] (173 CLR 1). In this case of the vacant land that was leased in the aforementioned ATO decision the owner did not purchase the land for leasing, rather private purposes so in the original sale there was no allowable deduction. Now the owner is using the land to bring in income, therefore the owner is allowed a deduction in the tax year that is expended up to the amount of the income earned but not exceeding this. In the case of the swimming pool that BLW have built on the vacant land that they own they are sure to be allowed certain expenditures on the land as allowable deductions. The first thing to identify is that the improvement and expenditure outlaid is not for private purposes, because if it were the costs would not be deductible. As the purpose of the expenditure is to build a swimming pool for the community, which will cost to enter then it is classed as a business venture and therefore valid deductions are possible from the income of $60,000 from Mulga Council. It needs to be noted that the whole profit is counted as no GST was paid because in this dealing of the monies going to BLW from the council there was a tax exemption. In relation to the $660, 000 to the builder of the pool one has to consider whether this is deductible or as this is the contractual duty that BLW owed to Mulga to get the $600,000 then it is not a deductible cost because it is the work that needs to be complet ed to get the $60,000. Therefore under Section 8-1 of the ITAA it is not a deductible costs; however for the other costs that are mentioned they may be deductible. Also in respect to deduction and depreciation under CGT and cost bases this property fulfills the requirement, which is that the land is improved to enhance the value of the

Impact of calorie labeling on menus Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Impact of calorie labeling on menus - Essay Example It is unlikely that posting the amount of calories that are in food while have a strong impact on diet or they health decisions for the majority of consumers. Some people may have been genuinely unaware of how unhealthy some of the food they were eating was, and as a consequence make a choice towards better eating. However, it is likely that people who do this will be in the minority.There are many different factors which control why consumers purchase different products, with price being only one of these. Other factors include the convenience, the price and the taste. Much of the food that is bought from chain restaurants such as McDonalds and Burger King is bought because consumers desire food that is fast and inexpensive. A study on the effect of showing the calories on menus at McDonalds showed that there was no significant difference in the calorie content of the meals that were brought before and after the changes to the menu were made (Harnack et al. 2008). Another study showed that the inclusion of calorie information on fast food menus in Seattle had no effect on consumption (Consumer Affairs 2011). Often at chain restaurants, the price of the food is directly related to the health, with food that is lower in calories generally being more expensive. Because of this, it is unlikely that making consumers more aware will change their eating habits, as the factors of price and convenience are likely to be more relevant than health.

How Indian Cinema Evolved over the Years Essay Example for Free

How Indian Cinema Evolved over the Years Essay A hundred years ago on this date, India’s first film Raja Harishchandra was released. Over the past hundred years, our cinema and its facets have evolved and how!! The hero From mooch to macho From a bulky mustached Raj Kapoor in the 40s to a six-pack flaunting, butt-baring John Abraham now, the Bollywood hero has had quite a makeover. The 50s was the era of method-acting with the likes of Dilip Kumar, while in the 60s, Rajesh Khanna and Dev Anand epitomised romance on screen. After Khanna’s guru kurtas and fluffy hairtop, Amitabh Bachchan brought the angry young man into the picture in the 70s and 80s with Zanjeer, Deewar and Agneepath, also bringing to the fore, bell bottoms and side burns. The 90s was the time of the lover boys Shah Rukh Khan, Aamir Khan and Salman Khan dancing in exotic foreign locales. Now, the Bollywood hero is not restricted by genre or style and fits into every mould. He is a looker, chocolatey, experimental and total paisa vasool, read Ranbir Kapoor and Imran Khan. The heroine From feeble to fabulous In the early decades, the heroine in Indian cinema had only one objective in life, that of being a sati-savitri, who never looked beyond her family and husband. The kitchen was her cocoon, and she epitomised all things good. Through the 1940s, 50s and 60s, heroines such as Mala Sinha, Meena Kumari, Madhubala, Nanda and Asha Parekh ruled these roles. It was only in the 80s and 90s that she evolved as a strong character (Rekha in Khoon Bhari Mang, 1988), (Meenakshi Sheshadri in Damini, 1993). While in the early 2000s, she was still the demure girl, she managed to live her life on her terms like Rani Mukerji in Kabhie Alvida Naa Kehna. And the heroine today is the sexy, uber cool woman who cares for little more than her own life. Way to go girl! The villain From scary to suave From the usual lot of wicked village zamindars, smugglers, murderers, rapists, dacoits and terrorists, the larger-than-life Bollywood villains have become rare in new age cinema. Thus the traditional villain, Loin, Shakal, Mogambo, Dr Dang and Badman, has died a natural death. The wigged, cigar-smoking avatars played by the likes of Pran, Prem Chopra, Amrish Puri, have made way for smart and sometimes more-adorable-than-the-hero kind of villains. Exhibit A- Saif Ali Khan (Omkara) and Shah Rukh Khan (Don). No lines are drawn now and black characters have became grey with lead actors playing antagonists in films, almost replacing the dedicated villains. This marked the end of ever reverberating iconic one liners like â€Å"Kitne aadmi the?† and â€Å"Saara sheher mujhe Loin ke naam se jaanta hain.† The maa Rona-dhona to supercool From the God fearing and homely mum to a party freak, mothers in Bollywood have come a long way since 1930s. While Nargis in Mother India (1957) played a mother who went through hardships and struggled to bring up her offsprings, Nirupa Roy in the 70s became synonymous with white saris and a melancholic look. Then came Reema Lagoo, with her bindi and sindoor, an ideal middle class Indian mother in Qayamat Se Qayamat Tak (1988) and Maine Pyar Kiya (1989), who tried to be a friend to her son. But now, mothers are the uber cool women who are ready to accept even same-sex couples, case in point, Kirron Kher in Dostana (2008). And now there are mom who drink and dance at weddings, ala Dolly Walia in Vicky Donor (2012). The item girl Taboo to must-haves The dancing girl evolved from the Cabaret seductress, the free-spirited banjaran, the sensuous courtesan to dancing temptresses in half-saris. In the 40s and 50s, Cuckoo Moray, hotted up the screen with her innocent charm. The 50s saw Vyjayanthimala woo the audience in songs such as Chad Gayo Papi Bichua in Madhumati (1958) in ghagra cholis, and junk silver jewellery. Helen ruled the 60s and 70s, emerging in a bold avatar with dramatic ensembles. The 80s saw the trend of heroines appear in item numbers with Zeenat Aman in Qurbani (1980). Madhuri Dixit’s Choli Ke Peeche Kya Hai became the ultimate tease in the 90s. The item girls of 2000s are sexy, not afraid to show skin and love to play hard to get, be it Malaika Arora Khan in a mid-riff baring choli dancing atop a train or Katrina in Sheila Ki Jawani. The comedian Funny face to frontman The comedian in the 40s, was the fat man with funny facial expressions, whose mere presence made audiences laugh. In the 1950s, the lean Johnny Walker broke that trend and managed to win hearts with his slapstick humour. Kishore Kumar, essentially a singer, redefined comedy by using his songs like Meri Pyari Bindu (Padosan 1968) as elements of fun in films. But it was Mehmood, with his fringed hair and impeccable dialogue delivery who became the king of comedy in the 1970s. The next big thing in comedy was Johnny Lever, who left audiences in splits with his body language and dialogues in films like Raja Hindustani (1996) and Dulhe Raja (1998). Now, it’s the heroes — Akshay Kumar (Hera Pheri), Ajay Devgn (Golmaal) who are doubling as comedians. The friend Sidekick to the right-hand man The side kick or hero’s best friend, every Bollywood film has had one. The role could be that of a fun buddy who provides comic relief to the film or that one jigari dost who stays with the hero through thick and thin (in other words, fights for the hero and often dies in the end). From the days of Mukri and Mehmood, who played the hero’s good friend in the 1950s and 60s to the current time where actors like Arshad Warsi and Sharman Joshi play as powerful characters as the hero himself, this portrayal has had a sea change. Mehmood in Humjoli (1970), for instance, played a sidekick who brought the house down with his antics, but Arshad Warsi in the Munnabhai series (2003/06) played the ideal Robin to Sanjay Dutt’s Batman, and got some of the best lines in the films. The romance Touch-me-not to pre-marital sex Romance in Bollywood turned from bold to coy and back to racy and bold. The silent film, ‘A Throw of Dice’ (1929) saw actor Seeta Devi kiss actor Charu Roy. Post-independence, in the 1940s, romance became conservative. The Cinematograph Act in 1952, called kissing on screen indecent and romance became associated with clasping hand and staring into each other’s eyes. Kissing was shown with two flowers coming together or honey bees sucking nectar from flowers. 1970s was Raj Kapoor’s era that brought a passion back to romance with movies such as Bobby (1973), Satyam Shivam Sundaram (1978). It was the 90s that romance took a pure and sweet form the two blockbuster hits Hum Aapke Hain Kaun (1994) Dilwale Duhaniya Le Jayenge (1995). Now, in the 2000s, pre-marital sex shown in films like Salaam Namaste (2005) and Rockstar (2011), is considered cool. The music Melodies to racy tracks The 1930 and 40s, were defined by nasal renditions by the likes of KL Saigal (Jab Dil Hi Tooth Gaya, Shahjahan, 1946) and Noorjehan. The 50s were all about soul-soothing melodies. Songs like it Pyaar Huya Ekraar Huya (Shree 420 1952) or Jaane Woh Kaise Log The (Pyaasa 1957) became epics. However, it was R D Burman, who single-handedly changed the course of Bollywood film music, and introduced westernised tunes in songs in the 60s. While 70s remained the decade of a mix of soft and fast numbers, the 80s turned Bollywood music on its head, as Bappi Lahiri brought in disco music. Disco Dancer (1982) marked the beginning of a range of high-on-noise, low-on-lyrics songs. The 1990s churned out several hugely forgettable numbers, except for musical hits like 1942 a Love Story (1994), Saajan (1991). The 2000s have been the decade of experimenting thus Sonu Nigam and Yo Yo Honey Singh both find place in the same film. The dialogues Melodrama to quirky Power-packed dialogues get the maximum seetis from the audience, and why not. A film is often remembered for its iconic dialogues. Kaun kambakth bardasht karne ke liye peeta hai, from Devdas that’s a favourite even with the ‘daarubaaz’ of today. However, dialogues like Kitne aadmi the, and â€Å"Kuttey main tera khoon pi jaunga† from Sholay, â€Å"Pushpa, I hate tears† from Amar Prem and â€Å"Mere paas maa hai† from Deewar; have gone on to become epic. In the 1990s, heroes impressed their lady love with dialogues. Thus came, â€Å"I love you Kkk Kiran† (Darr), â€Å"Bade bade shehron mein aisi chhoti chhoti baatein hoti rehti hain.† (DDLJ 1995). In 2000, quirky dialogues such as, Main apni favourite hoon (Jab We Met), Picture Abhi Baki Hai Dost (Om Shanti Om) are the big hits among film buffs.

Illusion vs. Reality in Macbeth :: essays research papers

What Can You Really Believe: Illusion vs. Reality in Macbeth   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  What is reality? Do you honestly believe that everyone shows his or her true selves openly? Think again! Many characters in Macbeth, by William Shakespeare, are two-faced. Two examples of these people are Macbeth and Lady Macbeth. These characters all put on false faces to impress people or hide things from people. The witches also kept repeating a quote that has a lot of meaning. They continued to say â€Å"foul is fair and fair is foul.† (I.i.12) This means that what seems right isn’t really right and what seems wrong isn’t really wrong. So the whole play is about false faces and how someone who seems normal and innocent isn’t really.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The witches also seem to be an illusion. They are in a way human like, but at the same time they are also fake. They talked to Macbeth and told him three prophecies, which caused him to become greedy and kill King Duncan. The first time they told him what they saw was in Act 1. They said   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  All hail, Macbeth! Hail to thee, Thane of Glamis! All hail, Macbeth! Hail to thee, Thane of Cawdor! All hail, Macbeth, that shalt be King here- After! (I.i.1-6) These prophecies didn’t seem to be realistic at first. But when he was made Thane of Cawdor, because the other thane was a traitor, he began to become a little power hungry. He thought that if one of the prophecies came true, so would the other. He couldn’t wait, he told Lady Macbeth, who then made a plan to make it happen faster. Her plan was to invite the king over, kill him, and make it look like his guards committed the murder. The witches are nonrealistic as shown they made some things up and caused a lot of trouble by doing so. Also, at the banquet for the new king, Macbeth, Macbeth thought that he saw a ghost, although he was the only one who could see it. It was the ghost of Banquo, who should have become king rather Macbeth. He was sitting in the chair where he would have been sitting had he become king. This is how it was meant to be, with Banquo being king.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Another example of the illusion vs. reality theme was when the witches showed Macbeth the three apparitions. They show him an armed head, a bloody child, and a child crowned bearing a tree.

How to Run a Successful Meeting

How to Run a Meeting Like Google As one of the most successful companies in the world, Google is obviously doing something right when it comes to how they manage their time. In general, meetings are known for being a waste of time where complaining occurs, but no real solutions are found. Of course this isn't always the case, especially at Google. In this article, Google's Vice-president of search products, Marissa Mayer, outlines how meetings are scheduled and conducted in an effort to eliminate wasted time and maximize results.On average, Mayer holds around 70 meetings a week. With so much precious time at stake, Mayer has developed a few keys to running a successful meeting. The first being to set a firm agenda. An outline is required beforehand which helps to streamline discussions and keep focused. Next, notes are always made, no matter how insignificant the meeting might be. It is important to Google that everyone is able to look back and see the final decision, but more import antly, the progression of the discussion.Google is all about being current, and note taking enables the company to keep all employees up to date. Mayer also emphasizes using data in the approval process. This is to ensure that employees know that ideas or designs are chosen based on merit and results, not favoritism. All of these have proven successful for Google in order to reach optimum results during any meetings held. However, I think it is how Google decides to organize their time that makes their meetings successful.Every week, Mayer designates large amounts of time to meet with people. She organizes these large blocks of time into smaller â€Å"slices†. Think: mini meetings. Why schedule a 30 minute meeting when it will only take 10? Mayer is much more productive and efficient with her time because of these micro-meetings. Mayer also suggests the use office hours. She was inspired to do this after her work as a professor at Stanford University.In this informal approach , not only is efficiency wildly improved (5 or more â€Å"meetings† can potentially occur within 30 minutes), but some of Google’s best ideas have come out of office hours. After all, sometimes someone only needs approval to move forward on a project which would not take up anywhere near 30 minutes time (the shortest block of time that her calendar allows). And finally, Google keeps things on time with a giant 4 foot clock that is projected on the wall. This adds pressure to keep on task, but gives every assembly structure.

Logical and Physical Data Models

The Physical Data Model (PDM) describes how the information represented in the Logical Data Model is actually implemented, how the information-exchange requirements are implemented, and how the data entities and their relationships are maintained. There should be a mapping from a given Logical Data Model to the Physical Data Model if both models are used. The form of the Physical Data Model can vary greatly, as shown in Figure 31. For some purposes, an additional entity-relationship style diagram will be sufficient.The Data Definition Language (DDL) may also be used. References to message format standards (which identify message types and options to be used) may suffice for message-oriented implementations. (Getting information from the LDM in form of file) Descriptions of file formats may be used when file passing is the mode used to exchange information. Interoperating systems may use a variety of techniques to exchange data, and thus have several distinct partitions in their Physi cal Data Model with each partition using a different form.The figure illustrates some options for expressing the Physical Data Model and an other table (in the original document) provides a listing of the types of information to be captured. A physical data model (or database design) is a representation of a data design which takes into account the facilities and constraints of a given database management system. In the lifecycle of a project it typically derives from a logical data model, though it may be reverse-engineered from a given database implementation.A complete physical data model will include all the database artifacts required to create relationships between tables or to achieve performance goals, such as indexes, constraint definitions, linking tables, partitioned tables or clusters. Analysts can usually use a physical data model to calculate storage estimates; it may include specific storage allocation details for a given database system. As of 2012 seven main databas es dominate the commercial marketplace: Informix, Oracle, Postgres, SQL Server, Sybase, DB2 and MySQL.Other RDBMS systems tend either to be legacy databases or used within academia such as universities or further education colleges. Physical data models for each implementation would differ significantly, not least due to underlying operating-system requirements that may sit underneath them. For example: SQL Server runs only on Microsoft Windows operating-systems, while Oracle and MySQL can run on Solaris, Linux and other UNIX-based operating-systems as well as on Windows.This means that the disk requirements, security requirements and many other aspects of a physical data model will be influenced by the RDBMS that a database administrator (or an organization) chooses to use. Overview Logical data models represent the abstract structure of a domain of information. They are often diagrammatic in nature and are most typically used in business processes that seek to capture things of im portance to an organization and how they relate to one another. Once validated and approved, the logical data model can become the basis of a physical data model and inform the design of a database.Logical data models should be based on the structures identified in a preceding conceptual data model, since this describes the semantics of the information context, which the logical model should also reflect. Even so, since the logical data model anticipates implementation on a specific computing system, the content of the logical data model is adjusted to achieve certain efficiencies. The term ‘Logical Data Model' is sometimes used as a synonym of ‘Domain Model' or as an alternative to the domain model.While the two concepts are closely related, and have overlapping goals, a domain model is more focused on capturing the concepts in the problem domain rather than the structure of the data associated with that domain. History The ANSI/SPARC three level architecture, which â⠂¬Å"shows that a data model can be an external model (or view), a conceptual model, or a physical model. This is not the only way to look at data models, but it is a useful way, particularly when comparing models†. [1] When ANSI first laid out the idea of a logical schema in 1975,[2] the choices were hierarchical and network.The relational model – where data is described in terms of tables and columns – had just been recognized as a data organization theory but no software existed to support that approach. Since that time, an object-oriented approach to data modelling – where data is described in terms of classes, attributes, and associations – has also been introduced. Logical data model topics Reasons for building a logical data model * Helps common understanding of business data elements and requirements * Provides foundation for designing a database Facilitates avoidance of data redundancy and thus prevent data & business transaction inconsisten cy * Facilitates data re-use and sharing * Decreases development and maintenance time and cost * Confirms a logical process model and helps impact analysis. Modeling benefits * Facilitates business process improvement * Focuses on requirements independent of technology * Facilitates data re-use and sharing * Increases return on investment * Centralizes metadata * Fosters seamless communication between applications * Focuses communication for data analysis and project team members * Establishes a consistent naming schemeLogical & Physical Data Model A logical data model is sometimes incorrectly called a physical data model, which is not what the ANSI people had in mind. The physical design of a database involves deep use of particular database management technology. For example, a table/column design could be implemented on a collection of computers, located in different parts of the world. That is the domain of the physical model. Logical and physical data models are very different in their objectives, goals and content. Key differences noted below. Logical Data Model| Physical Data Model|Includes entities (tables), attributes (columns/fields) and relationships (keys)| Includes tables, columns, keys, data types, validation rules, database triggers, stored procedures, domains, and access constraints| Uses business names for entities & attributes| Uses more defined and less generic specific names for tables and columns, such as abbreviated column names, limited by the database management system (DBMS) and any company defined standards| Is independent of technology (platform, DBMS)| Includes primary keys and indices for fast data access. Is normalized to fourth normal form(4NF)| May be de-normalized to meet performance requirements based on the nature of the database. If the nature of the database is Online Transaction Processing(OLTP) or Operational Data Store (ODS) it is usually not de-normalized. De-normalization is common in Datawarehouses. | A logical data m odel describes the data in as much detail as possible, without regard to how they will be physical implemented in the database. Features of a logical data model include: * Includes all entities and relationships among them. All attributes for each entity are specified. * The primary key for each entity is specified. * Foreign keys (keys identifying the relationship between different entities) are specified. * Normalization occurs at this level. The steps for designing the logical data model are as follows: 1. Specify primary keys for all entities. 2. Find the relationships between different entities. 3. Find all attributes for each entity. 4. Resolve many-to-many relationships. 5. Normalization. The figure below is an example of a logical data model.Logical Data Model Comparing the logical data model shown above with the conceptual data model diagram, we see the main differences between the two: * In a logical data model, primary keys are present, whereas in a conceptual data model, no primary key is present. * In a logical data model, all attributes are specified within an entity. No attributes are specified in a conceptual data model. * Relationships between entities are specified using primary keys and foreign keys in a logical data model.In a conceptual data model, the relationships are simply stated, not specified, so we simply know that two entities are related, but we do not specify what attributes are used for this relationship. Logical Model Design Physical Model Design Figure 5. A logical data model (Information Engineering notation). You also need to identify the cardinality and optionality of a relationship (the UML combines the concepts of optionality and cardinality into the single concept of multiplicity). Cardinality represents the concept of â€Å"how many† whereas optionality represents the concept of â€Å"whether you must have something. For example, it is not enough to know that customers place orders. How many orders can a custome r place? None, one, or several? Furthermore, relationships are two-way streets: not only do customers place orders, but orders are placed by customers. This leads to questions like: how many customers can be enrolled in any given order and is it possible to have an order with no customer involved? Figure 5 shows that customers place zero or more orders and that any given order is placed by one customer and one customer only.It also shows that a customer lives at one or more addresses and that any given address has zero or more customers living at it. Although the UML distinguishes between different types of relationships – associations, inheritance, aggregation, composition, and dependency – data modelers often aren’t as concerned with this issue as much as object modelers are. Subtyping, one application of inheritance, is often found in data models, an example of which is the is a relationship between Item and it’s two â€Å"sub entities† Service and Product.Aggregation and composition are much less common and typically must be implied from the data model, as you see with the part of role that Line Item takes with Order. UML dependencies are typically a software construct and therefore wouldn’t appear on a data model, unless of course it was a very highly detailed physical model that showed how views, triggers, or stored procedures depended on Logical Data Models (LDMs) represent data table (Entity Type) relationships. Logical Data Model Notations Entity Type Entity Type refers to a group of related data placed in an RDBMS (Relational Database Management Systems) table.An entity is an instance of an entity type represented as a single row in a data table. Relationships and Multiplicity Relationships illustrate how two entity types are related. Cardinality specifies how many instances of an entity relate to one instance of another entity. Physical data model represents how the model will be built in the database. A phy sical database model shows all table structures, including column name, column data type, column constraints, primary key, foreign key, and relationships between tables. Features of a physical data model include: * Specification all tables and columns. Foreign keys are used to identify relationships between tables. * Denormalization may occur based on user requirements. * Physical considerations may cause the physical data model to be quite different from the logical data model. * Physical data model will be different for different RDBMS. For example, data type for a column may be different between MySQL and SQL Server. Steps For Physical Data Model * Convert entities into tables. * Convert relationships into foreign keys. * Convert attributes into columns. * Modify the physical data model based on physical constraints / requirements. Physical v/s logical Entity names are now table names. * Attributes are now column names. * Data type for each column is specified. Data types can be different depending on the actual database being used. Data modeling is the act of exploring data-oriented structures. Like other modeling artifacts data models can be used for a variety of purposes, from high-level conceptual models to physical data models (PDMs). Physical data modeling is conceptually similar to design class modeling, the goal being to design the internal schema of a database, depicting the data tables, the data columns of those tables, and the relationships between the tables.      | presents a partial PDM for the university – you know that it isn’t complete by the fact that the Seminar table includes foreign keys to tables that aren’t shown, and quite frankly it’s obvious that many domain concepts such as course and professor are clearly not modeled. All but one of the boxes represent tables, the one exception is UniversityDB which lists the stored procedures implemented within the database. Because the diagram is given the stereo type Physical Data Model you know that the class boxes represent tables, without the diagram stereotype I would have needed to use the stereotype Table on each table.Relationships between tables are modeled using standard UML notation, although not shown in the example it would be reasonable to model composition and inheritance relationships between tables. Relationships are implemented via the use of keys (more on this below). Figure 1. A partial PDM for the university. When you are physical data modeling the following tasks are performed in an iterative manner: * Identify tables. Tables are the database equivalent of classes; data is stored in physical tables. As you can see in Figure 1 the university has a Student table to store student data, a Course table to store course data, and so on.Figure 1 uses a UML-based notation (this is a publicly defined profile which anyone can provide input into). If you have a class model in place a good start is to do a one-to-one mapping of your classes to data tables, an approach that works well in â€Å"greenfield† environments where you have the luxury of designing your database schema from scratch. Because this rarely happens in practice you need to be prepared to be constrained by one or more legacy database schemas which you will then need to map your classes to.In these situations it is unlikely that you will need to do much data modeling, you will simply need to learn to live with the existing data sources, but you will need to be able to read and understand existing models. In some cases you may need to perform legacy data analysis and model the existing schema before you can start working with it. * Normalize tables. Data normalization is a process in which data attributes within a data model are organized to increase the cohesion of tables and to reduce the coupling between tables. The fundamental goal is to ensure that data is stored in one and only one place.This is an important consideration for applic ation developers because it is incredibly difficult to stores objects in a relational database if a data attribute is stored in several places. The tables in Figure 1 are in third normal form (3NF). * Identify columns. A column is the database equivalent of an attribute, and each table will have one or more columns. For example, the Student table has attributes such as FirstName and StudentNumber. Unlike attributes in classes, which can either be primitive types or other objects, a column may only be a primitive type such as a char (a string), an int (integer), or a float. Identify stored procedures. A stored procedure is conceptually similar to a global method implemented by the database. In Figure 1 you see that stored procedures such as averageMark() and studentsEnrolled() are modeled as operations of the class UniversityDB. These stored procedures implement code that work with data stored in the database, in this case they calculate the average mark of a student and count the nu mber of students enrolled in a given seminar respectively.Although some of these stored procedures clearly act on data contained in a single table they are not modeled as part of the table (along the lines of methods being part of classes). Instead, because stored procedures are a part of the overall database and not a single table, they are modeled as part of a class with the name of the database. * Apply naming conventions. Your organization should have standards and guidelines applicable to data modeling, and if not you should lobby to have some put in place.As always, you should follow AM’s practice of Apply Modeling Standards. * Identify relationships. There are relationships between tables just like there are relationships between classes. The advice presented relationships in UML class diagrams applies. * Apply data model patterns. Some data modelers will apply common data model patterns, David Hay’s (1996) book Data Model Patterns is the best reference on the s ubject. Data model patterns are conceptually closest to analysis patterns because they describe solutions to common domain issues.Hay’s book is a very good reference for anyone involved in analysis-level modeling, even when you’re taking an object approach instead of a data approach because his patterns model business structures from a wide variety of business domains. * Assign keys. A key is one or more data attributes that uniquely identify a row in a table. A key that is two or more attributes is called a composite key. A primary key is the preferred key for an entity type whereas an alternate key (also known as a secondary key) is an alternative way to access rows within a table.In a physical database a key would be formed of one or more table columns whose value(s) uniquely identifies a row within a relational table. Primary keys are indicated using the stereotype and foreign keys via . Read here for more about keys. Although similar notation is used it is interes ting to note the differences between the PDM of Figure 21 and the UML class diagram from which is ti based: 1. Keys. Where it is common practice to not model scaffolding properties on class models it is common to model keys (the data equivalent of scaffolding). 2. Visibility. Visibility isn’t modeled for columns because they’re all public.However, because most databases support access control rights you may want to model them using UML constraints, UML notes, or as business rules. Similarly stored procedures are also public so they aren’t modeled either. 3. No many-to-many associations. Relational databases are unable to natively support many-to-many associations, unlike objects, and as a result you need to resolve them via the addition of an associative table. The closest thing to an associative table in is WaitList which was introduced to resolve the on waiting list many-to-many association depicted in the class diagram.A pure associative table is comprised of the primary key columns of the two tables which it maintains the relationship between, in this case StudentNumber from Student and SeminarOID from Seminar. Notice how in WaitList these columns have both a PK and an FK stereotype because they make up the primary key of WaitList while at the same time are foreign keys to the other two tables. WaitList isn’t truly an associative table because it contains non-key columns, in this case the Added column which is used to ensure that the first people on the waiting list are the ones that are given the opportunity to enroll if a seat becomes available.Had WaitList been a pure associative table I would have applied the associative table stereotype to it. Logical Versus Physical Database Modeling * March 14, 2001 * By Developer. com Staff * Bio  » * Send Email  » * More Articles  » After all business requirements have been gathered for a proposed database, they must be modeled. Models are created to visually represent the propose d database so that business requirements can easily be associated with database objects to ensure that all requirements have been completely and accurately gathered.Different types of diagrams are typically produced to illustrate the business processes, rules, entities, and organizational units that have been identified. These diagrams often include entity relationship diagrams, process flow diagrams, and server model diagrams. An entity relationship diagram (ERD) represents the entities, or groups of information, and their relationships maintained for a business. Process flow diagrams represent business processes and the flow of data between different processes and entities that have been defined.Server model diagrams represent a detailed picture of the database as being transformed from the business model into a relational database with tables, columns, and constraints. Basically, data modeling serves as a link between business needs and system requirements. Two types of data mode ling are as follows: * Logical modeling * Physical modeling If you are going to be working with databases, then it is important to understand the difference between logical and physical modeling, and how they relate to one another.Logical and physical modeling are described in more detail in the following subsections. * Post a comment * Email Article * Print Article * Share Articles Logical Modeling Logical modeling deals with gathering business requirements and converting those requirements into a model. The logical model revolves around the needs of the business, not the database, although the needs of the business are used to establish the needs of the database. Logical modeling involves gathering information about business processes, business entities (categories of data), and organizational units.After this information is gathered, diagrams and reports are produced including entity relationship diagrams, business process diagrams, and eventually process flow diagrams. The diagr ams produced should show the processes and data that exists, as well as the relationships between business processes and data. Logical modeling should accurately render a visual representation of the activities and data relevant to a particular business. Note| Logical modeling affects not only the direction of database design, but also indirectly affects the performance and administration of an implemented database.When time is invested performing logical modeling, more options become available for planning the design of the physical database. | The diagrams and documentation generated during logical modeling is used to determine whether the requirements of the business have been completely gathered. Management, developers, and end users alike review these diagrams and documentation to determine if more work is required before physical modeling commences. Typical deliverables of logical modeling include * Entity relationship diagrams An Entity Relationship Diagram is also referred t o as an analysis ERD.The point of the initial ERD is to provide the development team with a picture of the different categories of data for the business, as well as how these categories of data are related to one another. * Business process diagrams The process model illustrates all the parent and child processes that are performed by individuals within a company. The process model gives the development team an idea of how data moves within the organization. Because process models illustrate the activities of individuals in the company, the process model can be used to determine how a database application interface is design. * User feedback documentationPhysical Modeling Physical modeling involves the actual design of a database according to the requirements that were established during logical modeling. Logical modeling mainly involves gathering the requirements of the business, with the latter part of logical modeling directed toward the goals and requirements of the database. Ph ysical modeling deals with the conversion of the logical, or business model, into a relational database model. When physical modeling occurs, objects are being defined at the schema level. A schema is a group of related objects in a database. A database design effort is normally associated with one schema.During physical modeling, objects such as tables and columns are created based on entities and attributes that were defined during logical modeling. Constraints are also defined, including primary keys, foreign keys, other unique keys, and check constraints. Views can be created from database tables to summarize data or to simply provide the user with another perspective of certain data. Other objects such as indexes and snapshots can also be defined during physical modeling. Physical modeling is when all the pieces come together to complete the process of defining a database for a business.Physical modeling is database software specific, meaning that the objects defined during phy sical modeling can vary depending on the relational database software being used. For example, most relational database systems have variations with the way data types are represented and the way data is stored, although basic data types are conceptually the same among different implementations. Additionally, some database systems have objects that are not available in other database systems. Implementation of the Physical Model| The implementation of the physical model is dependent on the hardware and software being used by the company.The hardware can determine what type of software can be used because software is normally developed according to common hardware and operating system platforms. Some database software might only be available for Windows NT systems, whereas other software products such as Oracle are available on a wider range of operating system platforms, such as UNIX. The available hardware is also important during the implementation of the physical model because da ta is physically distributed onto one or more physical disk drives. Normally, the more physical drives available, the better the performance of the database after the implementation.Some software products now are Java-based and can run on virtually any platform. Typically, the decisions to use particular hardware, operating system platforms, and database software are made in conjunction with one another. | A logical data model describes your model entities and how they relate to each other. A physical data model describes each entity in detail, including information about how you would implement the model using a particular (database) product. In a logical model describing a person in a family tree, each person node would have attributes such as name(s), date of birth, place of birth, etc.The logical diagram would also show some kind of unique attribute or combination of attributes called a primary key that describes exactly one entry (a row in SQL) within this entity. The physical model for the person would contain implementation details. These details are things like data types, indexes, constraints, etc. The logical and physical model serve two different, but related purposes. A logical model is a way to draw your mental roadmap from a problem specification to an entity-based storage system.The user (problem owner) must understand and approve the logical model. A physical model is the roadmap from the logical model to the hardware. The developer (software owner) must understand and use the physical model. ERD Consider a hospital: Patients are treated in a single ward by the doctors assigned to them. Usually each patient will be assigned a single doctor, but in rare cases they will have two. Heathcare assistants also attend to the patients, a number of these are associated with each ward. Initially the system will be concerned solely with drug treatment.Each patient is required to take a variety of drugs a certain number of times per day and for varying leng ths of time. The system must record details concerning patient treatment and staff payment. Some staff are paid part time and doctors and care assistants work varying amounts of overtime at varying rates (subject to grade). The system will also need to track what treatments are required for which patients and when and it should be capable of calculating the cost of treatment per week for each patient (though it is currently unclear to what use this information will be put).

Biography of Ernesto Che Guevara, Revolutionary Leader

Biography of Ernesto Che Guevara, Revolutionary Leader Ernesto Guevara de la Serna (June 14, 1928–October 9, 1967) was an Argentine physician and revolutionary who played a key role in the Cuban Revolution. He also served in the government of Cuba after the communist takeover before leaving Cuba to try to stir up rebellions in Africa and South America. He was captured and executed by Bolivian security forces in 1967. Today, he is considered by many to be a symbol of rebellion and idealism, while others see him as a murderer. Fast Facts: Ernesto Guevara de la Serna Known For: Key figure in the Cuban RevolutionAlso Known As: CheBorn: June 14, 1928 in Rosario,  Santa Fe province,  ArgentinaParents: Ernesto Guevara Lynch, Celia de la Serna y LlosaDied: October 9, 1967  in La Higuera,  Vallegrande,  BoliviaEducation: University of Buenos AiresPublished Works: The Motorcycle Diaries, Guerrilla Warfare, The African Dream, The Bolivian DiaryAwards and Honors:  Knight Grand Cross of the  Order of the Southern CrossSpouse(s): Hilda Gadea, Aleida March  Children: Hilda, Aleida, Camilo, Celia, ErnestoNotable Quote: If you tremble with indignation at every injustice, then you are a comrade of mine. Early Life Ernesto was born into a middle-class family in Rosario, Argentina. His family was somewhat aristocratic and could trace their lineage to the early days of Argentine settlement. The family moved around a great deal while Ernesto was young. He developed severe asthma early in life; the attacks were so bad that witnesses were occasionally scared for his life. He was determined to overcome his ailment, however, and was very active in his youth, playing rugby, swimming, and doing other physical activities. He also received an excellent education. Medicine In 1947, Ernesto moved to Buenos Aires to care for his elderly grandmother. She died shortly thereafter and he began medical school. Some believe he was driven to study medicine because of his inability to save his grandmother. He was a believer in the idea that a patients state of mind is as important as the medicine he or she is given. He remained very close to his mother and stayed fit through exercise, although his asthma continued to plague him. He decided to take a vacation and put his studies on hold. The Motorcycle Diaries At the end of 1951, Ernesto set off with his good friend Alberto Granado on a trip north through South America. For the first part of the trip, they had a Norton motorcycle, but it was in poor repair and had to be abandoned in Santiago. They traveled through Chile, Peru, Colombia, and Venezuela, where they parted ways. Ernesto continued to Miami and returned to Argentina from there. Ernesto kept notes during his trip, which he subsequently made into a book, The Motorcycle Diaries, which was made into an award-winning movie in 2004. The trip showed him the poverty and misery all throughout Latin America and he wanted to do something about it, even if he did not know what. Guatemala Ernesto returned to Argentina in 1953 and finished medical school. He left again almost immediately, however, heading up the western Andes and traveling through Chile, Bolivia, Peru, Ecuador, and Colombia before reaching Central America. He eventually settled for a while in Guatemala, at the time experimenting with significant land reform under President Jacobo Arbenz. It was about this time that he acquired his nickname Che, an Argentine expression meaning (more or less) hey there. When the CIA overthrew Arbenz, Che tried to join a brigade and fight, but it was over too quickly. Che took refuge in the Argentine Embassy before securing safe passage to Mexico. Mexico and Fidel In Mexico, Che met and befriended Raà ºl Castro, one of the leaders in the assault on the Moncada Barracks in Cuba in 1953. Raà ºl soon introduced his new friend to his brother Fidel, leader of the 26th of July movement which sought to remove Cuban dictator Fulgencio Batista from power. Che had been looking for a way to strike a blow against the imperialism of the United States that he had seen firsthand in Guatemala and elsewhere in Latin America; he eagerly signed on for the revolution, and Fidel was delighted to have a doctor. At this time, Che also became close friends with fellow revolutionary Camilo Cienfuegos. Transition to Cuba Che was one of 82 men who piled onto the yacht Granma in November 1956. The Granma, designed for only 12 passengers and loaded with supplies, gas, and weapons, barely made it to Cuba, arriving on December 2. Che and the others made for the mountains but were tracked down and attacked by security forces. Fewer than 20 of the original Granma soldiers made it into the mountains; the two Castros, Che, and Camilo were among them. Che had been wounded, shot during the skirmish. In the mountains, they settled in for a long guerrilla war, attacking government posts, releasing propaganda, and attracting new recruits. Che in the Revolution Che was an important player in the  Cuban Revolution, perhaps second only to Fidel Castro himself. Che was clever, dedicated, determined, and tough, though his asthma was a constant torture for him. He was promoted to  comandante  and given his own command. He saw to their training himself and indoctrinated his soldiers with communist beliefs. He was organized and demanded discipline and hard work from his men. He occasionally allowed foreign journalists to visit his camps and write about the revolution. Ches column was very active, participating in several engagements with the Cuban army in 1957 and 1958. Batistas Offensive In the summer of 1958, Batista sent large forces of soldiers into the mountains, seeking to round up and destroy the rebels once and for all. This strategy was a huge mistake and backfired badly. The rebels knew the mountains well and ran circles around the army. Many of the soldiers, demoralized, deserted or even switched sides. At the end of 1958, Castro decided it was time for the knockout punch. He sent three columns, one of which was Ches, into the heart of the country. Santa Clara Che was assigned to capture the strategic city of Santa Clara. On paper, it looked like suicide. There were some 2,500 federal troops there, with tanks and fortifications. Che himself only had roughly 300 ragged men, poorly armed and hungry. Morale was low among the Cuban soldiers, however, and the populace of Santa Clara mostly supported the rebels. Che arrived on December 28 and the fighting began. By December 31, the rebels controlled the police headquarters and the city but not the fortified barracks. The soldiers inside refused to fight or come out, and when Batista heard of Ches victory he decided the time had come to leave.  Santa Clara was the largest single battle of the Cuban Revolution  and the last straw for Batista. After the Revolution Che and the other rebels rode into Havana in triumph and began setting up a new government. Che, who had ordered the execution of several traitors during his days in the mountains, was assigned (along with Raà ºl) to round up, bring to trial, and execute former Batista officials. Che organized hundreds of trials of Batista cronies, most of them in the army or police forces. Most of these trials ended in a conviction and execution. The international community was outraged, but Che didnt care: he was a true believer in the Revolution and in communism. He felt that an example needed to be made of those who had supported tyranny. Government Posts As one of the few men truly trusted by  Fidel Castro, Che was kept very busy in post-Revolution Cuba. He was made the head of the Ministry of Industry and head of the Cuban Bank. Che was restless, however, and he took long trips abroad as a sort of ambassador of the revolution to improve Cubas international standing. During Ches time in governmental office, he oversaw the conversion of much of Cubas economy to communism. He was instrumental in cultivating the relationship between the  Soviet Union  and Cuba and had played a part in trying to bring Soviet missiles to Cuba. This, of course, was a major factor in the  Cuban Missile Crisis. Chà © the Revolutionary In 1965, Che decided he was not meant to be a government worker, even one in a high post. His calling was revolution, and he would go and spread it around the world. He disappeared from public life (leading to incorrect rumors about a strained relationship with Fidel) and began plans for bringing about revolutions in other nations. The communists believed that Africa was the weak link in the western capitalist/imperialist stranglehold on the world, so Che decided to head to the Congo to support a revolution there led by Laurent Dà ©sirà © Kabila. Congo When Che had left, Fidel read a letter to all of Cuba in which Che declared his intention to spread revolution, fighting imperialism wherever he could find it. Despite Ches revolutionary credentials and idealism, the Congo venture was a total fiasco. Kabila proved unreliable, Che and the other Cubans failed to duplicate the conditions of the Cuban Revolution, and a massive mercenary force led by South African Mad Mike Hoare was sent to root them out. Che wanted to remain and die fighting as a martyr, but his Cuban companions convinced him to escape. All in all, Che was in Congo for about nine months and he considered it one of his greatest failures. Bolivia Back in Cuba, Che wanted to try again for another communist revolution, this time in Argentina. Fidel and the others convinced him that he was more likely to succeed in Bolivia. Che went to Bolivia in 1966. From the start, this effort was also a fiasco. Che and the 50 or so Cubans who accompanied him were supposed to get support from clandestine communists in Bolivia, but they proved unreliable and possibly were the ones who betrayed him. He was also up against the CIA, which was in Bolivia training Bolivian officers in counterinsurgency techniques. It wasnt long before the CIA knew Che was in the country and began monitoring his communications. The End Che and his ragged band scored some early victories against the Bolivian army in mid-1967. In August, his men were caught by surprise and one-third of his force was wiped out in a firefight; by October, he was down to only about 20 men and had little in the way of food or supplies. By now, the Bolivian government had posted a $4,000 reward for information leading to Che. That was a lot of money in those days in rural Bolivia. By the first week of October, Bolivian security forces were closing in on Che and his rebels. Death On October 7, Che and his men stopped to rest in the Yuro ravine. Local peasants alerted the army, who moved in. A firefight broke out, killing some rebels, and Che himself was injured in the leg. On October 8, he was captured alive, allegedly shouting out to his captors I am Che Guevara and worth more to you alive than dead. The army and CIA officers interrogated him that night, but he did not have much information to give out. With his capture, the rebel movement he headed was essentially over. On October 9, the order was given, and Che was executed, shot by Sergeant Mario Tern of the Bolivian Army. Legacy Che Guevara had a huge impact on his world, not only as a major player in the Cuban Revolution but also afterward, when he tried to export the revolution to other nations. He achieved the martyrdom that he so desired, and in doing so he became a larger-than-life figure. Che is one of the most controversial figures of the 20th century. Many revere him, especially in Cuba, where his face is on the 3-peso note and every day schoolchildren vow to be like Che as part of a daily chant. Around the world, people wear t-shirts with his image on them, usually portraying a famous photo taken of Che in Cuba by photographer Alberto Korda (more than one person has noted the irony of hundreds of capitalists making money selling a famous image of a communist). His fans believe that he stood for freedom from imperialism, idealism, and a love for the common man and that he died for his beliefs. Many despise Che, however. They see him as a murderer for his time presiding over the execution of Batista supporters, criticize him as the representative of a failed communist ideology and deplore his handling of the Cuban economy. Around the world, people love or hate Che Guevara. Either way, they will not soon forget him. Sources Castaà ±eda, Jorge C.  Compaà ±ero: the Life and Death of Che Guevara. New York: Vintage Books, 1997.Coltman, Leycester.  The Real Fidel Castro.  New Haven and London: the Yale University Press, 2003.Sabsay, Fernando.  Protagonistas de Amà ©rica Latina, Vol. 2.  Buenos Aires: Editorial El Ateneo, 2006.